971 research outputs found
Describing and Understanding Neighborhood Characteristics through Online Social Media
Geotagged data can be used to describe regions in the world and discover
local themes. However, not all data produced within a region is necessarily
specifically descriptive of that area. To surface the content that is
characteristic for a region, we present the geographical hierarchy model (GHM),
a probabilistic model based on the assumption that data observed in a region is
a random mixture of content that pertains to different levels of a hierarchy.
We apply the GHM to a dataset of 8 million Flickr photos in order to
discriminate between content (i.e., tags) that specifically characterizes a
region (e.g., neighborhood) and content that characterizes surrounding areas or
more general themes. Knowledge of the discriminative and non-discriminative
terms used throughout the hierarchy enables us to quantify the uniqueness of a
given region and to compare similar but distant regions. Our evaluation
demonstrates that our model improves upon traditional Naive Bayes
classification by 47% and hierarchical TF-IDF by 27%. We further highlight the
differences and commonalities with human reasoning about what is locally
characteristic for a neighborhood, distilled from ten interviews and a survey
that covered themes such as time, events, and prior regional knowledgeComment: Accepted in WWW 2015, 2015, Florence, Ital
Stimulus-invariant processing and spectrotemporal reverse correlation in primary auditory cortex
The spectrotemporal receptive field (STRF) provides a versatile and
integrated, spectral and temporal, functional characterization of single cells
in primary auditory cortex (AI). In this paper, we explore the origin of, and
relationship between, different ways of measuring and analyzing an STRF. We
demonstrate that STRFs measured using a spectrotemporally diverse array of
broadband stimuli -- such as dynamic ripples, spectrotemporally white noise,
and temporally orthogonal ripple combinations (TORCs) -- are very similar,
confirming earlier findings that the STRF is a robust linear descriptor of the
cell. We also present a new deterministic analysis framework that employs the
Fourier series to describe the spectrotemporal modulations contained in the
stimuli and responses. Additional insights into the STRF measurements,
including the nature and interpretation of measurement errors, is presented
using the Fourier transform, coupled to singular-value decomposition (SVD), and
variability analyses including bootstrap. The results promote the utility of
the STRF as a core functional descriptor of neurons in AI.Comment: 42 pages, 8 Figures; to appear in Journal of Computational
Neuroscienc
Higher-Order Uncoupled Dynamics Do Not Lead to Nash Equilibrium \unicode{x2014} Except When They Do
The framework of multi-agent learning explores the dynamics of how individual
agent strategies evolve in response to the evolving strategies of other agents.
Of particular interest is whether or not agent strategies converge to well
known solution concepts such as Nash Equilibrium (NE). Most ``fixed order''
learning dynamics restrict an agent's underlying state to be its own strategy.
In ``higher order'' learning, agent dynamics can include auxiliary states that
can capture phenomena such as path dependencies. We introduce higher-order
gradient play dynamics that resemble projected gradient ascent with auxiliary
states. The dynamics are ``payoff based'' in that each agent's dynamics depend
on its own evolving payoff. While these payoffs depend on the strategies of
other agents in a game setting, agent dynamics do not depend explicitly on the
nature of the game or the strategies of other agents. In this sense, dynamics
are ``uncoupled'' since an agent's dynamics do not depend explicitly on the
utility functions of other agents. We first show that for any specific game
with an isolated completely mixed-strategy NE, there exist higher-order
gradient play dynamics that lead (locally) to that NE, both for the specific
game and nearby games with perturbed utility functions. Conversely, we show
that for any higher-order gradient play dynamics, there exists a game with a
unique isolated completely mixed-strategy NE for which the dynamics do not lead
to NE. These results build on prior work that showed that uncoupled fixed-order
learning cannot lead to NE in certain instances, whereas higher-order variants
can. Finally, we consider the mixed-strategy equilibrium associated with
coordination games. While higher-order gradient play can converge to such
equilibria, we show such dynamics must be inherently internally unstable
Impact of Al-Ahdeb Oil Field on the Surrounding Environment Using Remote Sensing and GIS Techniques, Wasit Governorate, Iraq
Remote sensing and Geographical Information System (GIS) are used in this study to detect environmental changes in the vicinity of Al-Ahdeb oil field, southwest of Kut City, Wasit Governorate. Different image indices, such as Normalized Differences Vegetation Index (NDVI), Normalized Differences Soil Index (NDSoI), and Normalized Differences Salinity Index (NDSI) are used. Two LANDSAT images with acquired data of September 2007 and 2016 are used to detect the environmental changes and to detect the effect of Al-Ahdeb oil field before and after construction and industrial operation. The results of change detection show there is a high decrease in the vegetation cover during the year 2016 compared with 2007, where the area of vegetation cover has decreased from (165.85 Km2) in 2007 to (119.62 Km2) in 2016. The change detection results from NDSI show that the saline soil in (2016) is higher than those in (2007). The NDSI derived from Landsat TM (2007) image confirms that there is significant increase of salinity in the study area, where the calculated area of the salinity in 2007 is (5.65 Km2) while in 2016 it is (21.951 Km2). Change detection, using NDSoI, show that the land in the study area is going toward desertification and soil degradation. The decrease in the vegetation cover, which in turn led to soil erosion in addition to water shortage and the pollution by the waste of the oil field, could be the main reasons of the desertification in the area. Keywords: Environmental change detection; Image Indices; NDVI; NDSI; NDSoI; Al Ahdeb oil field. DOI: 10.7176/JEES/12-8-03 Publication date:August 31st 202
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